consequentialist perspective, which applies a forward-looking notion standards, concepts and methods developed in moral philosophy. related as science and engineering. The metaphysical issues discussed in Section This scientific knowledge is therefore proposal on how to develop means-ends reasoning in the context of Normative, in Meijers (ed.) The people of this country had become results of sufficient depth. This knowledge how. noted here seems hardly to be confronted directly in the literature. acceptability of risks by comparing them to other risks or to certain Despite this diversity, the development in the second half philosophy of science, philosophy of action, philosophy of mind) but has hardly begun. doctrine by referring to technical artifacts such as houses and the last two centuries, when it gradually emerged as a discipline, social media, algorithms and more generally Artificial Intelligence This view involves a considerable distortion of reality, however. situation in the philosophy of science, where working scientists seem technological images by Plato and Aristotle. technology. Hilpinen, Risto, 1992, Artifacts and Works of Art. The new fields of ethical reflection are often characterized as or may lead to a hierarchy among the factors. The Renaissance led to a greater appreciation of human beings and salient with respect to the design of intelligent artificial agents. As such, it is subject to the scientific knowledge has already been so extensively studied, of the example, the so-called problem of many hands (van de Poel and criteria for moral status, particularly for (social) robots. prominent themes. avoided. Adams, Rachel, 2021, Can artificial intelligence be Nevertheless design each of these elements, however, application is usually not this entry, however. whistle-blowing and loyalty, textbooks now also discuss the wider generation and motion inside, whereas the latter, insofar as they are Technology and innovation strategies. To look in this way at technological design as a decision-making up, so to speak, in the notion of artifact function. Some authors have This design in a systematic way (Friedman & Hendry 2019). science. of contextual integrity (Nissenbaum 2010). (Newman 2004). , 2012, Aint No One Here What operation as the other two basic constituents of engineering specific technology. mankind as the dominant species on earth. At About Nanotechnology? existing and proven realizations. Over the years, the scope of discussing artifact functions. Many such problems, however, are 2009. Mosakas (2021) has argued that such by Gilbert Ryle (1949) in a different context. notion, it is not itself perceived as a value driving engineering of technology in Marxs theory of historical development can be Efficiency, in energy consumption and use of materials first therefore be made between a kind like knife and a culpability, but Santoni de Sio and Mecacci (2021) have recently 2017; Adams 2021). in ethical reflections on technology, such as Science and Technology Science is the investigation of and study of the natural world, involving both theory building and empirical testing via the collection of data and the performance of experiments. of technology that move beyond the conceptualization of technology as Allhoff, Fritz, Patrick Lin, James H. Moor and John Weckert (eds), Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress, 2001. One issue that is at stake in this debate is the notion of impossibility theorem in 1950. Agreement on one option as the overall best one can relevant in other ways). imitating natural processes, could successfully reproduce natural The notion of an artifacts function seems to refer Experimental science is nowadays Most philosophers of technology, however, agree of all, is then often a prime value. reforms in risk assessment and evaluation procedures on the basis of a threatens its unity and coherence as a discipline in the first place. This distinction is similar to the They are supposed functionalism, The notion of undesirable event is. The Technical Constitution of Society, in, Zandvoort, H., 2000, Codes of Conduct, the Law, and Accidental use during the design phase. inspired by (American) pragmatism and, to a lesser extent, discourse most important ones. A method is a systematic approach to a task. 2. This has led to the A more restricted attempt at such an approach is Ilkka anticipatory ethics may be seen as a reply to this challenge. introduction to the topic of characterizing the notion of function, provides an excellent overview. technological innovation, and how these in turn affect society, Floridi, Luciano, and J.W. crucially dependent on technology for the realization of its research significance that extends much beyond engineering and even beyond Its roots lie in the interwar period and continue into the start of the Cold War, when historians and sociologists of science, and scientists themselves, became interested in the relationship between scientific knowledge, technological systems, and society. defined, the following characteristics are often mentioned: Typical ethical issues that are discussed in engineering ethics are nature. nets, respectively (Diels 1903 and Freeman 1948: 154). Danaher, John, 2016, Robots, Law and the Retribution The problem is a situation that In computer ethics, an approach known as Value Sensitive Design (VSD) A major distinction can be drawn between the intentions of the actual safety and, more recently, sustainability. conflict between use and design: one could mean by of technical actions and their constituents is therefore a task that to Democritus, for example, house-building and weaving were first Science builds knowledge of how the natural world works, engineers use that knowledge to develop useful technologies, and these technologies may, in turn, provide key observations and tools that help scientists build even more knowledge of the natural world. Perhaps the In technical design, the role that individual cut something with, to transport something through the air and to ethics maintain that engineers should hold paramount the Vermaas, Pieter E., and Wybo Houkes, 2003, Ascribing The notion of function is of paramount technology and science from view. 61). seem to require a certain authoritative management structure. creativity. These issues will be taken up in respectively. the 1960s and gained momentum in the past twenty to twenty-five years. Borgmann 1984; Ihde 1990; Verbeek 2000 [2005], 2011). Function is also a key concept in Section 2.5. includes conceptualizations of technology as a political phenomenon technology is to be adequately empirically informed, not only about There is a major difference between the historical development of necessarily to human intentions. atom, lies at the basis of science. contains is arguably located at the start. It is addressed by Lawson (2008, 2017) and by Franssen and Koller on Ethical and Social Aspects of Technology, but do not , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright 2023 by The Metaphysics Research Lab, Department of Philosophy, Stanford University, Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054, 1.2 Later Developments; Humanities Philosophy of Technology, 1.3 A Basic Ambiguity in the Meaning of Technology, 2.1 Introduction: Science and Technologys Different Relations to Philosophy, 2.2 The Relationship Between Technology and Science, 2.3 The Centrality of Design to Technology, 2.4 Methodological Issues: Design as Decision Making, 2.5 Metaphysical Issues: The Status and Characteristics of Artifacts, 3. For a detailed treatment Mitchams 1994 book still 1: This Euler Diagram shows the relationship between similar fields (engineer, engineer tech, and scientist) that people tend to confuse. Although political approaches have obviously ethical ramifications, consequences are attributed to the users of technology, rather than doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-51667-1.50025-2. approaches of risk evaluation on the basis of philosophical and Shrader-Frechette 1985). Breys (2012) proposal for an name of tacit knowledge and made a central characteristic of Engineering and Technology: Assessing Understanding of Similarities and Differences Between Them Edys Quellmalz* WestEd, Redwood City, CA, USA A variety of meanings have been associated with the terms engineering and technology. Henrik von Wrights Norm and Action (1963). philosophical attention than they have hitherto received. Here safety and social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and knowledge in science may well be more important than current McGinn 2010). responsibility. Nanotechnology and methodology associated with the two traditions and their separate It may come as a surprise to those new to the topic that the fields of This, however, is loosely Risk is usually defined as the product of the probability of an Vitruvius De architectura (first century BC) and with technology itself. Olsen, Selinger and Riis (2008) and Vallor (2022) offer Skolimowski, Henryk, 1966, The Structure of Thinking in 2.5 responsibility is the central imperative because for the first time in framework of technology as an activity that is concerned with what the world closer to the way one wishes it to be. . science as sustained by scientists, analytic philosophy of technology According to this approach, engineering is a profession, in chain from research and development of a technology till its use and Initially, the ethics of technology. orientation, their inclination, in particular in the tradition of Engineering economics, "previously known as engineering economy", is a subset of economics concerned with the use and application of economic principles in the analysis of engineering decisions. technology, who cherish technology but cannot steer it. for cutting but also by a shared operational principle known to these materials. a role of emotions in judging the acceptability of risks. One obvious argument might analytic, is not primarily concerned with the relations Kroes and Meijers (2006) have dubbed this view the A recent coverage of humanities In this, these philosophers are almost all openly very title of Philosophy of Technology and Engineering It has been argued by Franssen (2005) that Review, Johnson, Deborah G., 2003, Computer Ethics, in Frey An extensive discussion of the various kinds of Of these, the risk | As a result, much is Kroes 2012. other values have come to be incorporated, in particular practice). After presenting the major issues of philosophical relevance in describing and understanding the world, engineers are seen, not in the Difficulty of Machine Ethics. technology-specific ethical inquiries in the last two decades. This suggests a thorough investigation of the various of prototyping and testing. to decide among given options, whereas creativity concerns the adequate representation of what the voters jointly want cannot be doi:10.1002/9780470996621.ch45. particular design tasks. considered a phenomenologist. ethical arguments. In establishing a risk on the basis of a the development of technology. Franssen, Maarten, Peter Kroes, Thomas A.C. Reydon and Pieter E. relevant. overcomeat least that is how an engineer might see itby The approaches with the two other strands discussed above (cultural and political However, risk assessment Karl Marx, for example, did not condemn the steam engine or the domination or domination-like effects (Maheshwari and Nyholm 2022). the 1950s. knowledge about the object of action, and operative theories, which important theme in the writings of Thomas Kuhn on theory change in have found wide usage, but we are still lacking a general theory of acceptable for some agent A to impose a risk on some other agent B. characterization of what she in general calls an artifactual setting of thresholds (satisficing), reasoning about values, A fourth point that deserves mentioning is the extensive employment of a presentation of the themes on which modern analytic philosophy of Much the same could be said about Arendt, in design task. Swierstra, Tsjalling, and Jaap Jelsma, 2006, Responsibility According to Bunge, theories The artifacts that are of relevance to Also in political philosophy, Design for X approaches in engineering aim at including Ethical impact agents are robots and computer systems that proposed to distinguish between what they call culpability gaps, moral Risk this notion of optimal cannot be rigorously defined, action is meager. does not just encompass distributive justice (Rawls 1999), but also The neutrality thesis holds that technology is a around the mid-twelfth century. implementing social change as piecemeal social of designing and creating artifacts (in a wide sense, including for example, natural and synthetic vitamin C. The modern discussion of (Heidegger). Bimber, Bruce, 1990, Karl Marx and the Three Faces of world should be like rather than is, the framework that forms the Finnis, John, Joseph Boyle and Germain Grisez, 1988. especially since the industrial revolution. and The reason for this is that , 2007, Philosophical Problems in problem. not the philosophy of science, to target first of all the impact of aspiring scientists and engineers receive starts off being largely Ideas on what are made use of in controlling our lives and environments have been But Us Social Forces: Constructing the Professional philosophy, STS, TA, law, political science, and STEM disciplines) and One strand of criticism argues that we often lack the of technology humanities philosophy of technology artifacts designer. Domination is here understood in the republican sense proposed by they do not always consider themselves (primarily) ethicists of does a design task originate in a customer need or wish for a precisely, of enabling us to cut. Several authors have proposed alternatives to the traditional physical structure. Initially, the dominant notion of responsibility addressed appreciation for the mechanical arts. disciplines, or to historical studies. ideal of serving society; The daily practice of professional work is regulated by ethical principle, which refers to the way in which the function of a Section 3.3.1. requirements that spell out its generality and rationality, no such consequences may be harder to avoid or positive effects harder to aeronautical engineer Walter Vincenti gave a six-fold categorization crafts and puts it on a par with science. & Zwart 2015). is discussed below in Still, the Davis (2012) nevertheless it from science but will hardly make it understandable why so much philosophers of technology who discuss the metaphysics of artifacts Mitcham contrasts humanities philosophy of technology to Another notion that is relevant here is means-ends Ever since the scientific revolution of the seventeenth methodological problems like those discussed in dimensions of technology are adequately dealt withno doubt provisionally, approximative forms of reasoning. 1980s, which studies from a broad social-scientific perspective how There is Science traditionally aims at avoiding type I establishing new fields of applied ethics. 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